Jeff
and Holly Noordsy
Dealers
Specializing in the Sale of Early American Bottles, Glass and
Period Decorative Arts
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THE
EVOLUTION OF FORM AND DESIGN IN AMERICAN BOTTLES: 1739-1903
CHRONICLING
THE TRANSFORMATION FROM ART TO INDUSTRY
As
Presented by Jeff and Holly Noordsy at the Eastfield Village Glass
Symposium in August 2005
CHAPTER
FOUR
It could easily be argued that
the most aesthetically pleasing of the colonial period bottles
were the pattern molded pocket flasks. Dating back to the time
of the Romans and revived during the Renaissance, the pattern
molding technique involves use of a one piece cone shaped or sometimes
two-piece hinged mold cut with ribs or designs. Of Continental
ancestry, the pattern molded pocket bottles produced by Stiegel
in the 5 year period from 1769 to 1774 have aroused more excitement
and more confusion among collectors than any other type of bottles
or flasks. Blown from a high grade of non-lead glass, these attractive
vessels were artificially enhanced through the addition of metal
oxides in the glass batch to produce striking shades of blues
and amethysts. Created to mimic the appearance of English and
European imports (and playing to the colonists' notion that English
and European Glass was the "best" glass) these flasks
remain a perplexing study, as there is still some question as
to which 18th centrury flasks were blown at Manheim and which
were blown abroad. With that said, there are four patterns, the
diamond daisy, the 28 honeycombs-above-flutes, the 12 diamond
and the Daisy-in-hexagon to which no exact English or European
counterparts have been discovered. This fact, coupled with the
discovery of numerous flasks of this type in and around Manheim
during the earliest days of bottle collecting gives flasks blown
in these molds a well accepted attribution of having been blown
at Stiegel's Works. And, although not ALL bottles blown in similar
forms using 18 and 20 rib molds were blown at Manheim, it is probable
that SOME were.
Also blown in this period were
flasks made in the "German half-post" method which are
today colloquially referred to as Pitkin-type, even though they
were a regular product of numerous glass houses. Flasks of this
type were created by first slightly inflating the gather of metal
on the end of the blowpipe, then reinserting the gather into the
batch of vitreous metal for a "half-post" before expanding
the gather within a ribbed mold, removing the gather and finally
expanding the flask to its final size and shape. If the flask
were to be "double patterned" (i.e. both vertical and
spiral ribbing) there would be a second insertion into the mold
before finalizing the form. Popular in Germany and Eastern Europe
throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, this technique would certainly
have been practiced by the six German blowers who came to Wistarburgh
and it is quite probable that German half-post flasks were among
the vessels produced there. It would follow then, that the Germans
who first manned Stiegel's furnaces would also have carried the
technique with them and produced flasks of this type prior to
1774 and concurrent with the aforementioned Diamond Daisy.
It is with the birth of glassblowing
in New England and the Midwest however, that the production of
German half-post bottles and flasks reached their zenith. Blown
in great numbers at the Pitkin Glass Works (beginning in 1791),
the Glastenbury Glass Works, Mather's Glass Works in East Hartford,
the Coventry Glass Works, the Clemonton Glass Works in New Jersey
and finally, at the Keene Glass Works, German half-post bottles
were THE most common pocket bottles produced in the original colonies
until the emergence of the figured flask. The German half-post
design appealed to Glassblowers and commoners alike in that they
were lightweight but sturdy (strengthened by the second gather
of metal) and presumably easy to grasp. That they are also aesthetically
pleasing is to my mind no unintended result, as the glassblowers
of this period still perceived themselves as craftsmen and not
cogs in an industrial machine.
The German half-post technique
was also practiced by blowers in Pittsburgh and Ohio, first appearing
sometime around the turn of the 19th century. More varied in both
colors and rib counts than their New England counterparts, Midwestern
German half-post bottles have a distinctly 18th century "feel,"
although few are that early and some were actually blown into
the 1820s and perhaps even the 1830s. In addition to producing
bottles and flasks in the half-post method, many of the Midwestern
Glass Houses also produced "single dipped" pattern molded
flasks that were not reinserted into the metal and thus did not
exhibit the "half-post." Flasks of this type are thus
not "Pitkin-type" but rather simply "pattern molded."
With their antecedents in the Diamond Daisy and other flasks blown
in Manheim, pattern molded flasks were made in substantial numbers
at the Pittsburgh District Glass Houses of the early 19th century
and in greater numbers yet at the Ohio Glass Houses throughout
the first quarter of the nineteenth century. These flasks were
blown in a variety of shapes and colors utilizing differently
numbered "ribbed" and variously patterned "diamond"
molds as a means of decoration.
Similar techniques were utilized
in the manufacture of pattern molded bottles within the region.
Produced in numerous forms, it is the globular and club shaped
bottles that are most notable. As with the pattern molded flasks
of the region, these bottles are blown from brilliant metal and
they are as a rule startlingly well-made and symmetrical, though
still, obviously individually crafted. The popularity of these
Midwestern bottles and flasks among local populations was such
that production of them lingered well into the 1820s and perhaps
into the 1830s, a decade or more after pattern molded bottles
had lost favor in the coastal cities. Still, bottles and flasks
of this type fit comfortably with the "colonial period"
as they are decidedly influenced by 18th century Continental design.
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